西班牙語和英語同樣具有相同的基本單詞順序SVO（主詞，動詞，受詞），但是兩種語言之間也會有很大差異。
西班牙基本句型
1.Spanish Declarative Sentences
陳述句
Declarative sentences are pretty straightforward because they tend to look the same both in Spanish and in English.
陳述句子非常簡單明了，因為它們在西班牙語和英語中看起來往往相同。
In order for a sentence to be grammatical, we need at least a subject and a verb. Then we can add an object or any other word category we may need. Example:
為了使句子具有語法性，我們至少需要一個主詞和一個動詞。 然後，我們可以添加一個受詞或我們可能需要的任何其他單詞類別。 例：
Yo leo. (I read.)
Yo leo libros. (I read books.)
There are, however, a couple of situations when a declarative sentence in Spanish can be a little different from its English translation:
1. In Spanish you do not need to add a subject, except if used for emphasis:
Leo libros. (I read books.)
Yo leo libros (It is me who reads books, not you, not him.)
2.Subject is omittable
If we imagine our subject is “Juan“—and our verb is escribir (to write), we can then make the simple sentence: Juan escribe.
如果我們假設我們的主詞是“ Juan”，而我們的動詞是escribir（寫），那麼我們可以說一個簡單的句子：Juan escribe。
To make things even easier, it’s often possible to omit the subject once we know who we are talking about. So if we said “Juan escribe,” our next sentence could be, “Escribe bien” (He writes well).
為了使事情變得更加簡明，一旦我們知道我們在談論誰，通常就可以省略該主詞。 因此，如果我們說“ Juan escribe”，我們的下一個句子可能是“ Escribe bien”（他寫得很好）。
3.We could also use a pronoun to replace the subject by writing, “Él escribe” (He writes). As long as we’ve mentioned our subject once, it’s fine to do this.
我們也可以用代名詞來代替, “ '’Él escribe”（他寫道）。 只要我們曾經提到我們的主語，就可以這樣做。
Because of this, in order to indicate the subject , you will always have a conjugated verb in a Spanish sentence.
因此，為了指示主詞，在西班牙語句子中會出現動詞變化。
It needs to agree in person and number with the omitted subject: For each indicative tense, subjunctive, imperative etc, we have different sets of conjugation of each verb.
它需要在人稱和數字上與被省略的主詞達成一致：對於每個指示性時態，虛擬語氣，命令式，我們對每個動詞都有不同的變化組合。
(Yo) Compro manzanas. (I buy apples.)
(Tú) Compras manzanas. (You buy apples.)
(Ellos) Compran manzanas. (They buy apples.)
Word order
1.Insert pronouns directly before the verb, not after it:
將代詞直接插入動詞之前，而不是之後
When there is only one object , we use direct object pronouns.
當只有一個受詞時，我們使用直接受詞代名詞。
Las compro. (I buy them.)
Lo leo. (I read it.)
When there is more than one object, we put indirect object pronouns before direct object pronouns.
當有多個受詞時，我們將間接受詞代名詞放在直接受詞代名詞之前。
Se la enviamos. (We send it to her.)
2. There are times when you can put the verb in front of the subject!
This is true especially when dealing with passives:
有時您可以將動詞放在主詞前面！ 尤其是在處理被動式時
We put emphasis on the action itself but not by who ( the subject agent)
我們強調行動本身，而不是由誰做（主體）
Se venden libros. (Books for sale.)
Se habla español aquí. (Spanish is spoken here.)
2.Negation in Spanish
1.Spanish negation is really, really easy. Basically, what you have to do is add “no” before the verb:
只需在動詞前加上“ no”即可。
No compro manzanas. (I don’t buy apples.)
No leo libros. (I don’t read books.)
If you have a pronoun in the sentence, add “no” before it:
如果句子中有代詞，請在其前面加上“ no”
No las compro. (I don’t buy them.)
No los leo. (I don’t read them.)
This is also true when you have two pronouns:
當您有兩個代詞時，也是如此：
No se los leo. (I don’t read them to him.)
2.If the answer to a question is negative, you will probably need two negative words:
如果問題的答案是否定的，則可能需要兩個否定的詞
¿Lees libros? (Do you read books?)
No, no los leo (No, I don’t.)
(Note: While in Spanish we need to use the verb in the answer, in English you can just use the auxiliary.)
在西班牙語中，我們需要在答案中使用動詞，而在英語中，您可以僅使用輔助詞。
3. The only tricky part in Spanish negation is probably the double negation, but even this is easy.
在西班牙語否定中，唯一棘手的部分可能是雙重否定，但這其實很容易。
First of all, have a look at this list of negative words:
首先，看看下面的否定詞列表
nada (nothing)
nadie (nobody)
ningún, -o, -a, -os, -as (any, no, no one, none)
ni (nor) 也不
ni…ni (neither…nor) 既不......也不
nunca (never)
ya no (no longer) 不再
todavía no (not yet)
tampoco (either)
There are two ways of using these negative words in a sentence:
在句子中使用這些否定詞有兩種方法：
1. You can use them alone before the verb (Remember not to use “no” in that case!).
您可以在動詞之前單獨使用它們（請注意不要在這種情況下使用“ no”！）。
Nunca leo. (I never read.)
Nadie ha comprado manzanas. (Nobody has bought apples.)
2. You can use “no” before the verb, and add the negative word after the verb.
您可以在動詞前使用“ no”，並在動詞後添加否定詞。
No leo nunca. (I never read.)
No ha comprado nadie manzanas. (Nobody has bought apples.)
Unlike English, in Spanish you can even find three negatives:
與英語不同，在西班牙語中，您甚至可以找到三個或更多的否定詞
No leo nada nunca. (I never read anything.)
And even four! Have a look:
No leo nunca nada tampoco. (I never read anything either.)
3.Questions in Spanish
Asking questions in Spanish is way easier than in English because you don’t use auxiliary verbs to make questions. The only thing you have to bear in mind is whether you are asking a yes/no question or are expressing incredulity/doubt.
用西班牙語問問題比用英語問問題要容易得多，因為您無需使用輔助動詞來提問。 您唯一需要記住的是您要問的YES/NO 問題 還是表達懷疑。
Expressing incredulity is the easiest. Just add question marks at the beginning and the end of the declarative sentence with rising intonation and you are ready to go:
表達懷疑是最容易的。 只需在陳述句的開頭和結尾添加問號和升高語調，即可：
So “Juan cocina” becomes “¿Juan cocina?”
María lee libros. → ¿María lee libros?
(Maria reads books. → Really? Maria reads books? How surprising!).
If you are expecting a real answer, just invert the subject and verb:
Switch verb and subject.
如果您希望得到一個真正的答案，只需反轉主詞和動詞即可：
切換動詞和主詞。
The positive sentence “Juan cocina” (Juan cooks) becomes “¿Cocina Juan?” (Does Juan cook?). Don’t forget that in Spanish you also need an upside down question mark at the beginning of your question.
¿Lee María libros? Sí, lee cada mañana.
(Does María read books? Yes, she reads every morning.)
When we have a question word (qué – what, cuándo – when, por qué – why, quién – who, dónde – where, cómo – how, cuál – which, cuánto – how much, etc.) we normally use inversion:
當我們有疑問詞時,我們通常使用倒裝句形式
¿Por qué lee María?
(Why does María read?)
¿Cuánto cuestan las manzanas?
(How much do the apples cost?)
Indirect Questions in Spanish
Indirect questions work very similarly in English and in Spanish. You will have a question word in the beginning of a sentence, and inside you’ll find the indirect question embedded. Have a look at the following examples:
間接問題的英語和西班牙語原理非常相似。 您會在句子的開頭加上一個疑問詞，然後在其中找到間接問題。 看下面的例子
No sé por qué María lee.
(I don’t know why Maria reads.)
Dime cuánto cuestan las manzanas.
(Tell me how much the apples cost.)
As you can see, indirect questions look exactly the same as a declarative sentence
如您所見，間接問題看上去與陳述句完全一樣
There are two types of indirect questions. The first type contains a question word, as in the examples above. The second type requires a yes/no answer, and instead of using a question word, you will have to use “si” (if, whether):
間接問題有兩種類型。 如上例所示，第一種類型包含一個疑問詞。 第二種類型需要是/否答案，而不是使用疑問詞，所以會使“ si”（如果，是否）：
Me pregunto si María lee.
(I wonder if Maria reads.)
Me gustaría saber si has comprado manzanas.
(I would like to know if you have bought apples.)
You can also add “o no“ (or not) at the end of the indirect question:
您還可以在間接問題的末尾添加“ o no”
¿Me podría decir si María lee o no? (Could you tell me whether María reads or not?)
“Juan cocina” is our sentence. To make a question, we just add “¿no?” on the end, or “¿verdad?”
“Juan cocina” 是句子, 我們只需要在句尾加“¿no?”或“¿verdad?”
So our question is: “Juan cocina, ¿no?” or “Juan cocina, ¿es verdad?” This is like saying, “Juan cooks, doesn’t he?”
4. Spanish Adjective Placement
When you start studying Spanish, one of the first rules you’ll have to learn is that adjectives usually come after the noun in Spanish.
當您開始學習西班牙語時，您必須學習的第一個規則是形容詞通常位於西班牙語中的名詞之後。
El perro grande (the big dog)
El libro amarillo (the yellow book)
El niño alto (the tall child)
However, this rule is broken quite often. It is true that you should put the adjectives after the noun. In fact, sometimes it is not correct to put them before the noun. Still, there are some adjectives that can take both positions. Bear in mind, though, that the meaning of the sentence changes depending on the position of those adjectives!
但是，此規則經常被打破。 的確，您應該將形容詞放在名詞之後。 實際上，有時將它們放在名詞之前是不正確的。 仍然有一些形容詞可以兩樣都得。 但是請記住，句子的含義會根據這些形容詞的位置而變化！
Here you have some of them:
If you put the adjectives before the noun , it is usually describing sth abstract . But if you put them after the noun , it would be describing sth obvious.
如果把形容詞放在名詞前面，通常是抽象的描述，但是，如果將它們放在名詞之後，就是較具體的描述。
Grande:
When used before the noun, it changes to gran, and it means great: un gran libro (a great book).
When used after the noun, it means big: un libro grande (a big book).
Antiguo:
Before the noun it means former: un antiguo alumno (a former student).
After the noun it means antique: un libro antiguo (an antique book).
Mismo:
Before the noun it means “the same”: el mismo libro (the same book).
After the noun it means itself, himself, herself, etc.: el niño mismo (the child himself).
Nuevo:
Before the noun it means recently made: un nuevo libro (a recently made book).
After the noun it means unused: un libro nuevo (an unused book).
Propio:
Before the noun it means one’s own: mi propio libro (my own book).
After the noun it means appropriate: un vestido muy propio (a very appropriate dress).
Pobre:
Before the noun it means poor, in the sense of pitiful: el pobre niño (the poor child).
After the noun it means poor, without money: el niño pobre (the poor, moneyless child).
Solo:
Before the noun it means only one: un solo niño (only one child).
After the noun it means lonely: un niño solo (a lonely child).
Único:
Before the noun it means the only one: el único niño (the only child).
After the noun, it means unique: un niño único (a unique child, but ser hijo único means to be an only child).
Adj agreement
Just to make things even more confusing, you also need to remember to make your adjectives agree. So if the noun is plural, the adjective needs to be plural too.
你需要記住要使形容詞一致。 因此，如果名詞為複數形式，則形容詞也必須為複數形式。
For example, since ojos (eyes) is plural, that’s why we paired it with verdes (green – plural) and not the singular verde.
Pelo largo , masculine noun : pelo , adj would be masculine form : largo
Rosa roja , feminine noun : Rosa , adj would be feminine form : roja
Spanish Adverb Placement
Like in English, Spanish adverbs are used to describe verbs.
像英語一樣，西班牙語副詞用於描述動詞。
For example, “Juan lee rápidamente” (Juan reads quickly). How does he read? He reads quickly, which describes the verb “reads.”
Here’s another example: “Juan canta mal” (Juan sings badly).
Formation of adverb words
The addition of “-mente” in Spanish is similar to the addition of “-ly” to adjectives in English (“slow” becomes “slowly,” for example).
西班牙文副詞在形容詞後加-mente 就像英文副詞加上ly
To make most Spanish adverbs, just add “-mente” to the end of the adjective. If the adjective ends in “o” to describe a masculine noun, you’ll need to make sure that the letter before the “-mente” is “a” and not “o.”
要製作大多數西班牙語副詞，只需在形容詞的末尾添加“ -mente”。 如果形容詞以“ o”結尾表示陽性名詞，則需要確保“ -mente”之前的字母為“ a”而不是“ o”。
If the adjective doesn’t end in o/a, you can simply add “-mente.” For example, difícil (difficult) becomes difícilmente.
如果形容詞不是以o / a結尾，則只需添加“ -mente”。 例如，difícil（困難）變為difícilmente。
rápido → rápida → rápidamente (quickly)
lento → lenta → lentamente (slowly)
claro → clara → claramente (clearly)
cuidadoso → cuidadosa → cuidadosamente (carefully)
amargo → amarga → amargamente (bitterly)
On the other hand, there are some adverbs that do not end in -mente. These simply have to be learned by heart, including:
另一方面，有些副詞不以-mente結尾。 這些只是必須要記住，包括：
bueno → bien (well)
malo → mal (poorly)
quí (here)
allí (there)
siempre (always)
nunca (never)
mucho (a lot)
muy (very)
poco (little)
Unlike Spanish adjectives, Spanish adverbs do not convey gender and are the same whether we’re talking about a male or a female
與西班牙語形容詞不同，西班牙語副詞不會傳達性別，並且無論我們談論的是男性還是女性，都相同
Spanish adverbs can also move around in the sentence, similar to how they can in English. Adverb placement is pretty flexible in Spanish, although there is a tendency to put them right after the verb or right in front of the adjective:
西班牙語副詞也可以在句子中四處移動，類似於英語中的副詞。 副詞的位置在西班牙語中非常靈活，通常放在動詞之後或形容詞前面：
El niño camina lentamente.
(The boy walks slowly.)
Este tema es horriblemente difícil.
(This topic is horribly difficult.)
You can place adverbs almost everywhere in the sentence, as long as they are not far from the verb they modify:
您可以將副詞放在句子中的幾乎任何位置，只要它們與它們所修飾的動詞相距不遠即可：
Ayer encontré un tesoro.
(Yesterday I found some treasure.)
Encontré ayer un tesoro.
(I found yesterday some treasure*) Still correct in Spanish!
Encontré un tesoro ayer
(I found some treasure yesterday).
If the object is too long, it is much better to put the adverb directly after the verb and before the object. For example, the following:
如果賓語太長，最好將副詞直接放在動詞之後和受詞之前。 例如：
Miró amargamente a los vecinos que habían llegado tarde a la reunión.
(He looked bitterly at his neighbors who had arrived late to the meeting.)
is much better than:
Miró a los vecinos que habían llegado tarde a la reunión amargamente.
When you have two adverbs modifying the same verb, add -mente only to the second one:
當您有兩個副詞修飾同一個動詞時，僅將-mente添加到第二個副詞：
El niño estudia rápida y eficientemente.
(The boy studies quickly and efficiently.)
Mi hermano habla lenta y claramente.
(My brother speaks slowly and clearly.)
6.Que從句
The relative pronoun que can mean who, that, whom, or which. As a relative pronoun, que can be used to join two sentences into one single (compound) sentence.
關係代名詞可以表示who ,that ，whom 或which 。 que 可以用於將兩個句子合併為一個（複合）句子。
The clause introduced by the relative pronoun que is the relative clause. Here are some examples:
關係代名詞可以引導出從屬子句
Que is the subject of the relative clause referring to a person:
當que 是人物從句的主詞
La muchacha que habla con Juan es mi hermana.
The girl who is talking with John is my sister.
The relative pronoun que is subject of the verb habla and refers to la muchacha, which is the subject of es.
身兼代名詞與連接詞兩種角色。它一方面代替先前出現的先行詞 la muchacha ,另一方面引導從屬子句，來修飾它所代替的先行詞 la muchacha
Que 作為 habla 的主詞，故為主格
Que is the subject of the relative clause referring to a thing:
當Que 是物件從句的主詞
El libro que está en la mesa es mío.
The book which (that) is on the table is mine.
The relative pronoun que is subject of the verb está and refers to el libro, which is the subject of es.
它一方面代替先前出現的先行詞el libro ,另一方面引導從屬子句，來修飾它所代替的先行詞 el libro
Que 作為está 的主詞，故為主格
Que is the direct object of a verb referring to a person:
當que 是人物從句的直接受詞
El señor Molina es el profesor que admiro.
Mr. Molina is the professor whom I admire.
The relative pronoun que is object of the verb form admiro. It refers to el professor.
它一方面代替先前出現的先行詞 el professor ，另一方面引導從屬子句，來修飾它所代替的先行詞。
Que 當 admiro 的受詞，故為受格。
Que is the direct object of a verb referring to a thing:
當que 是物件從句的直接受詞
La composición que usted lee es mía.
The composition (that, which) you are reading is mine.
The relative pronoun que is the object of the verb form lee . It refers to la composición .
由 que 所引導的形容詞子句 "que usted lee”， 用以修飾先行詞 "la composición “。
Que is the object of a preposition referring only to a thing:
Que是介詞的受詞，僅指事物：
La cama en que duermo es grande.
The bed in which I sleep is large.
The relative pronoun que is object of the preposition en. It refers to la cama.
Que 是介詞en的受詞。 它指的是la cama。
Other prepositions used commonly with que are a, con, de. As object of a preposition, que refers to a thing only — not to a person. Use quien or quienes as object of a preposition referring to persons.
que常用的其他介詞是a，con，de。 作為介詞的賓語，que僅指事物，而不是人。 使用quien或quienes作為介詞的人物對象。
Note: In the English translation of this example, we do not always use a relative pronoun in English. In Spanish, it must be stated.
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